英语长难句
一、简单句
1. 什么是英语的句子
英语的句子必须具备主谓结构,并且主语一定是谓语动作的发出者,如果有宾语,宾语一定是谓语动作的承受者。
2. 句子的基本结构
1)主谓结构
2)主谓宾结构
- 谓语:实义动词
3)主系表结构
谓语:系动词
- be动词
- 感官动词:look(=seem=appear)、smell(n. 气味。)、taste(n. 喜爱,爱好。have taste for sth. 喜爱…)、sound(n. 声音。 adj. 甜美的,好的。)、feel
- 变化:become、get、turn、grow、fall
- 保持:keep、stay、remain、stand
4)主谓双宾
5)主谓宾宾补
区别主谓双宾和主谓宾宾补:只需要在最后两个宾语之间加一个be动词,如果意思读起来对的就是主谓宾宾补,如果意思不对就是主谓双宾。
- I bought him (is) a dog.(主谓双宾)
- You should keep the room (is) clean and tidy.(主谓宾宾补)
- We made him (is) our monitor. (主谓宾宾补)
3. 句子的成分:⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
1)谓语的词性
① 谓语的成分:有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语。
② 一句话当中动词能不能多?
绝对不能多,一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在,并且充当谓语,多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。
谓词只能是动词,动词只能做谓语。所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部都要变成不是动词(1. v+ing 表示主动。 2. v+ed 表示被动。 3. to+do 表示目的。)
- 他穿上外衣服,锁上门,离开了家。
- He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home.
- 大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员,主要生活在中国的西南部的森林里。
- Pandas are the rarest members in bear family, mainly living in the forest of Chinese Southwest.
- 长江流经不同的生态体系,是诸多濒危物种的栖息地,灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。
- YangZi River flowing through diverse ecological systems, keeps the home of a sea of endangered species, irrigating Chinese 1/5 land.
- 我爱你,你爱我。
- I loving you,you love me.(独立主格:两个主语不同,不能省略任何一个主语)
- 冬天来了,春天就不远了。
- Winter approaching,sping will be around the corner.(独立主格:两个主语不同,不能省略任何一个主语)
- 我是一个老师,我很喜欢唱歌。
- being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs. (分词做状语:分词主语=主句主语,可以省略一个)
③ 一句话当中动词能不能少?
- 绝对不能少,当一句需要动词而没有动词的时候,永远都加be动词,并且be动词没有意思。
谓语的总结:一句话当中,有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词的存在。并且充当谓语。
2)主语的词性
① 主语的成分:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句(引导词+句子)
- handsome and strong are his nature. (×)形容词不能当主语
- Being handsome and strong is his nature. (√)
② 一句话当中主语能不能少?
绝对不能少,那一句话没有主语怎么办呢?
- 加 it 做主语:必须与天气、温度、时间有关系。
- 机舱里很闷。
- It feels exceedingly hot in the cabin.
- there be 句型:听到“有”的时候使用。(exist\seem\remain)
- 有很多人喜欢我。
- There exist a host of undergraduate being fascinated with me.
- ▲▲▲被动:当听到一句话没有主语或听到人称代词做主语的时候都可以考虑写成被动。(三种情况没有被动:1. 如果动词后面有介词,该动词没有被动。 2. 所有系动词都没有被动。 3. have 翻译成“有”的意思没有被动。)
- 必须指出坚持很重要。
- Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.
- 越来越多的人认为过度捕捞很严重。
- Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.
- 人称代词做主语:I、you、we
- 如果有梦想,就应该会成功。
- If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.
3)宾语的词性
① 宾语的成分:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
4)表语的词性
① 表语的成分:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语
- I am a teacher.
- My dream is to become a poet.
- My dream is becoming a poet.
- I am beautiful.
- I am in Chinese.
4. 简单句的考点分析
1)写作
- 所有不会的长难句都暂时写成简单句,一定要保证语法正确。
- 所有不会写的单词都可以写成自己的单词。
2)长难句分析
第一步找这句话当中的动词,也就是谓语,从而找到一句话的主谓宾。
如果一句话当中找到多个动词的时候,就确定主句的谓语动词。前面没有引导词的那个动词就是主句的动词。
- 这两天心里很不爽。
- I feel upset these two days.
- 全球在变暖。
- It is becoming warm throughout the world.
- 嫉妒本身就是一种仰望。
- Jealousness is a kind of worship.
- 有意义就是好好活,好好活就是做有意义的事情。
- Being meaningful proves to live well. Living well seems to do meaningful things.
二、并列句
1. 什么是并列句
就是用连词连接两个句子。
2. 常见的连词
1)平行关系:and、not only…but also
副词和介词短语:similarly、equally、likewise、at the same time、in the meanwhile
2)转折关系:but、yet、while、whereas
副词和介词短语:however、nevertheless、conversely、unexpectedly、unfortunately、on the contrary、by contrast
3)选择关系:or、whether…or
副词:alternatively
4)因果关系:for、so
副词和介词短语:therefore、thus、consequently、as a result
5)递进关系:then
副词和介词短语:besides、furthermore、moreover、additionally、subsequently、in addition
连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别:连词的前面有无逗号均可,而其他的逻辑关系词前面,要么用句号,如果用逗号需要加连词and。
- 有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。
- There remain an army of companies coming from afar,and consequently,I feel more than delighted.
3. 并列句的考点分析
1)写作
只要写作的上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词(连词、副词、介词、介词短语).
2)完形填空
只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句话的意思。
3)长难句分析
第二步找连词,但是连词在连接两个单词的时候,这个连词就装作没看见。
在分析长难句的时候,只要见到有并列连词的出现,通常都会有省略,翻译的时候先把省略的部分补上再翻译。那如何查找省略的内容呢?
一句话只要有省略就一定会省略在连词后面而不是连词前面 ——> 所以连词后面有的成分连词前面也通常都要有:如果连词后面只有一个成分的话,连词前一定能找到它的对应成分;如果连词后面有多个成分的话,连词前面不一定都能找到对应成分,但是至少可以找到一个。 ——> 连词前面有而连词后面没有的成分便是省略的内容。
- Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and will it possibly the only way to solve our problems ( will continue to be rejected).
- it是代词指代题的做题方法:就近原则和一致原则,意思要一致。it指代a technology。
- There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or(refers)to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
- peculiar = weird = odd 奇怪的,古怪的。
- peculiar to …所特有的,…有专属的。
- specific = concrete 具体的。
- special 特殊的,特别的。
- particular 特殊的,特别的。
- particularly ≈ such as
三、名词和名词性从句
1. 名词能够充当的成分:主语、宾语、表语、同位语(用来解释名词的成分就是同位语)
只要在作文中见到名词,都可以有意识的在它后面加一个同位语,对该名词进行补充说明。
同位语的成分:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
- 坚持,一种积极的心态,在所有人的成功中扮演重要角色。
- persistence,an active mentality,plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults.
2. 什么是名词性从句:名词在句子中能够充当的成分,名词性从句都能充当,这就是名词性从句
- What I saw is attractive.(主语从句)
- I appreciate what she said.(宾语从句)
- Gump is who should I learn from.(表语从句)
- I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.(同位语从句)
3. 名词性从句的引导词:⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
- 他离婚是我的错。
- That he has got divorced is my fault.
- 他已经离婚了吗,是显而易见的。
- Whether he has got divorced is obvious.
- 他会跟谁结婚呢,是个秘密。
- Who he will marry is a secret.
名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类,一共把引导词分词三类
① that:当从句是陈述句时。并且 that 在从句中不充当任何成分,也没有任何意思。
② whether:当从句是一般疑问句时。并且 whether 在从句中不充当任何成分,意思翻译成是否。
③ 所以的特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时。
并且英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句的形式,也就是 引导词+主语+谓语 的形式
- 我正在思考外星人存在吗?
- I am wondering whether aliens exist .(宾语从句)
- 女人总是对的是一个常识。
- That ladies tend to be right remains common knowledge. (主语从句)
- 我的意思是孝敬父母是中华民族的传统美德。
- My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a Chinese conventional virtue.(表语从句)
- 有一天,你会发现事业、亲情、友情都比爱情重要。
- Someday,one will perceive that career,kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance.(that 引导的宾语从句)
- 关键是你什么时候有钱呢?
- The point seems when wealth will become available for you.
4. 名词性从句的考点分析
1)写作
① 主语从句
主语从句的满分句型是:把主语从句放到句末,在前面加 it 作形式主语。动词不定式也是用it作形式主语。
- 女人总是对的是一个常识。
- It remains common knowledge that ladies tend to be right . (主语从句)
- 学英语很简单。
- It is easy to learn English.
几个满分句型:可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子。
- 显而易见,众所周知
- It is apparent that….
- It looks beyond dispute that…
- It has been widely accepted that…
- It is universally acknowledged that…
- 我认为
- It keeps my argument that… = I think…
- 显而易见,关于勤奋这个话题已经引起了广泛的关注了。
- It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.
② 同位语从句
同位语从句既可以放在名词后面也可以放到整句话的后面,写作文最好放到名词后面,在长难句分析中经常看到在句末。
- 他已经找到了一个女朋友,这件事使他的家人开心。
- The matter,that he managed to find a girlfriend,makes his superiors rejoiced.
- The matter makes his superiors rejoiced that he managed to find a girlfriend.
- 没有什么能够掩盖他正在变老这个事实。
- Nothing can hide the truth that he is getting old.
- 河南人都是骗子这种想法都是错误的。
- The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in HeNan seem all deceiver.
- 温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表示我们不应该溺爱孩子。
- The evidence,that flowers in the greeenhouse fail to undergo storms,indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.
2)长难句分析
能够识别各个名词性从句,并且把它们通顺的翻译出来。
① 如何识别主语从句:只要见到有引导词放在句首,并且从句后没有被逗号隔开,就一定是主语从句。主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束。除此以外,在分析长难句的时候,见到 It…that… 通常都是主语从句,主语从句从 that 开始到句末结束。
② 如何识别宾语从句:只要实义动词的后面有引导词就暂定为宾语从句(状语从句还没有讲哟)。
③ 如何识别表语从句:只要系动词的后面有引导词就是表语从句。
④ 如何识别同位语从句:只要名词的后面有引导词就是暂定为同位语从句(更可能是定语从句哦)。
四、定语和定语从句
1. 什么是定语
只要听到”…的+名词”,”…的”就是修饰这个名词的定语成分。
2. 定语的成分
形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句
- 善良的夜莺死了。
- The innocent nightingale died.
- 善良又勇敢的夜莺死了。
- The nightingale brave and innocent died.
- 夜莺的歌声能够使这朵花开放。
- The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
- 窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的歌声。
- The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
- 那只唱歌的夜莺失去了它的生命。
- The singing nightingale lost his life.
- 夜莺用生命换来玫瑰花被扔掉了。
- The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
3. 定语的位置
前小后大:当一个单词修饰名词通常放在名词前面,当多个单词修饰名词时通常放在名词后面。
- 这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事。
- This is a fiction **about a nightingale and a rose.**(介词短语修饰名词)
- 那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。
- The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince. (非谓语动词和名词修饰名词)
- 被拒绝的那个男生看起来很可怜。
- The boy rejected looks pitiful. (当过去分词修饰名词时,即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后面)(非谓语动词修饰名词)
- 我有重要的事情告诉你。
- I have something important to tell you. (当形容词修饰不定代词的时候,即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后面)(形容词修饰名词)
4. 定语从句
1)定语从句的构成:名词 + 引导词 + 句子
2)定语从句的引导词:⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
A. 定语从句可以按照先行词的种类分的类,一共把引导词分词五类(8个):
① 当先行词是人的时候,先行词有:who、whom、whose
② 当先行词是物的时候,引导词有:that、which、whose
③ 当先行词是时间的时候,引导词有:that、which、when
④ 当先行词是地点的时候,引导词有:that、which、where
⑤ 当先行词是原因的时候,引导词有:that、which、why
到底是谁决定引导词的用法:1. 先行词 2. 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分 共同决定了定语从句引导词的用法。
B. 定语从句的引导词还可以按照引导词本身的词性来分类,一共把引导词分词三类:
① 代词(在从句一定要充当主语或宾语的成分):who、whom、that、which
② 副词(在从句中不能充当任何主干成分):where、when、why
③ 形容词(在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词):whose
- 这些圆顶的建筑物看起来漂亮。
- Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.
- 成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数个事实证明了。
- It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those with dreams.
- 穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确定了一点不用去考虑别人的感受。
- Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
- 问题的关键是谁应该为道德沦丧负责呢。
- The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.
- 外表看起来很邋遢的他其实内心很高尚。
- He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.
- 那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人,即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾,这是很重要的。
- It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realies their dreams never feel pitiful although glories fail to be achieved.
5. 定语从句的特殊用法
1)that 在引导定语从句的时候,如果在从句中充当的是宾语,that 可以省略。在分析长难句的时候,如果见到有两个名词或者是代词直接放在一起,中间没有被连词或者标点符号隔开,通常都是省略了 that 的定语从句
- 我喜欢我妈妈给我买的这本书。
- l enjoy the book (that) my mather bought for me.
2)区别限制和非限制性定语从句:在分析长难句的时候,非限制性定语从句就相当于插入语,可以完全不看
- 我喜欢冷冷,她很漂亮。
- I love Lengleng, who is beautiful.(非限制性定语从句)
- 我喜欢漂亮的冷冷。
- I love Lengleng who is beautiful.(限制性定语从句)
3)如果先行词和引导词之间有介词的话,人不用 who 用 whom,物不用 that 只能用 which
- He is the man who we should learn.
- He is the man from whom we should learn from.
- I will never forget the day when I met you.
- I will never forget the day on which I met you.
4)区别 the same…as 和 the same…that 引导的定语从句
- He is the same man as I love.(像)
- He is the same man that I love.(是)
5)as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句:which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子,as 也可以。但是 which 只能放到主句的后面,而as则可前可后
- He enjoy talking with young ladies,which drives me mad.
- He enjoy talking with young ladies,as drives me mad.
6. 区别定语从句和同位语从句
- I hava a dream that sounds funny.(定语从句)
- I hava a dream that I will bacome a rich lady.(同位语从句)
相同点:都是先行词+引导词+句子。
不同点:① 看从句本身的意思,定语从句是对前面名词的修饰,而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。② 看引导词 that 在从句中是否充当了成分,同位语从句中 that 不充当任何成分,而定语从句中 that 是代词,要充当主语或宾语。③ 定语从句的先行词可以是所有的名词,而同位语从句的名称只能是抽象名词。④ 定语从句的引导词有8个,而同位语从句的引导词一般都是that.
7. 定语从句的至难点
如何寻找先行词:必须能读懂这句话才知道先行词是什么
- ① 定语从句的先行词是离它最近的那个名词。
- ② 定语从句的先行词是它前面并列的几个名词。
- ③ 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。
- ④ 定语从句的先行词是它前面的整个句子。
- ⑤ 定语从句和先行词中间被一坨东西隔开了。
8. 定语从句的考点分析
1)写作
只有在作文中见到名词都可以有意识的给它加一个定语的成分把句子拉长。
- Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce senior citizens loneliness.
- Reading books which keep beneficial to our physical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.
万能定语:
- which/who look(看主语确定是复数还是单数) 形容词 as well as 形容词
- 复数+such as…
英汉差异对比:① 句子结构 ② 逻辑关系词的使用 ③ 英语多被动汉语多主动 ④ 英语多长句汉语多短句(a.非谓语动词 b.加连词 c.从句)
2)长难句分析
能够找到一句话当中的定语成分,并且能够把它们通顺的翻译出来。如何找到定语呢?
找定语的关键就说找名词,只要名词后面有一坨东西,只要这一坨东西不是动词,就暂定为是定语成分(还有可能是状语哦),定语从名词后开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束,如果定语在主句的谓语动词之后的话,定语就从名词后开始通常到句末结束,如果定语后有连词的话,定语不是到句末结束而是到连词前结束。
一个大定语中通常都会有无数多个小定语,每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束,但是固定搭配除外。翻译从最后往前翻译(③的②的①的…)。
五、状语和状语从句
1. 形容词和副词能够充当的成分
形容词能够充当的成分:表语、定语
副词能够充当的成分:状语
副词修饰实义动词
副词修饰形容词
副词修饰副词
副词修饰整个句子
- He cried sadly.
- He looks especially sad.
- He cried rather sadly.
- Actually,he cries.
2. 什么是状语
状语就是在一句话当中修饰实义动词、修饰形容词、修饰副词以及修饰整个句子的成分。
状语在一句话当中除了名词不能修饰,什么成分都可以修饰。
3. 状语的成分
1)副词作状语:She smiles sweetly
2)介词短语作状语:He runs fast like a crazy dog
3)非谓语动词作状语:He leaves,crying
4)从句作状语:l will return the book as soon as l have read it
4. 状语的位置
随便放!!!
5. 状语从句
状语从句的引导词是按照引导词本身的意思分的类,一共把引导词分成九类:
① 时间状语从句:when = while = as 「当…的时候」(当 while 翻译成「当…的时候」后面要跟进行时态)、
before、after、since「自从」(主句必须使用完成时态)、the moment = as soon as、by the time、until、not…until「直到…才」
状语从句的时态问题:在所有的状语从句中,如果主句的动作和从句的动作都尚未发生的话,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来。
- 当爱来临的时候,我要牵住她的手。
- When love comes,l will hold her hands.
- 当爱来临的时候,我没有牵到她的手。
- When love came,l failed to hold her hands.
区别 until 和 not…until:区别在于看主句的谓语动词是延续性动词还是瞬间动词,如果是延续性动词就用 until ,如果是瞬间动词就用 not…until。
- l will wait here until you come.
- l will not leave until you come.
- 我意识到母亲的伟大直到我长大。
- I did not realize the greatness of mothers until l grew up.
when 引导的时间状语从句,如果主句的主语和从句的主语一致,并且从句的谓语动词有 be 动词,此时从句的主语和 be 动词可以同时省略。
- When l was a kid,l enjoyed singing songs.
② 地点状语从句:where
- 这种树在潮湿的地方生长的很好。
- This kind of trees grow well where it is moist(= in moist places ).
- 作地点状语的通常都是介词短语,很少是从句。
③ 原因状语从句:
⑴ 引导词:because、as、since、in that、seeing that、considering that、now that、given that
⑵ 连词:for
⑶ 介词短语(+n./doing):because of、due to、owing to、thanks to、for the sake of、as a reuslt of
- 因为他粗心,他出了一场事故。
- He had a car accident because he was careless.
- He had a car accident for he was careless.(只能放到两句话中间)
- He had a car accident because of his carelessness.
④ 目的状语从句:
⑴ to = in order to = so as to (动词不定式+v.)
⑵ 引导词:so that(表示目的,通常放到句末不放到句首)、in order that(随便放)
- 为了看的更远,我们爬的更高。
- We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther.
- We will ascend higher in order that we overlook farther.
⑤ 结果状语从句:so(+adj./adv.) … that、such(+n.) … that 「如此…以至于」
so … thta 替换 very,作文中只要看见 adj. / adv. 的地方,都可以写成「so … that」句型。
- 今天是如此的热以至于我都穿上裙子了。
- It feels so hot today that I wear my dress.
- 我妈妈是如此善良以至于受到所有员工的尊重。
- My mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her staff.
⑥ 让步状语从句:although = though = even though = even if 「虽然,尽管」(位置可以随便放)、as「虽然,尽管」(通常用倒装)、while「虽然,尽管,当…的时候,但是」(当 while 翻译成「虽然,尽管」 只能放到句首不能放到句中,当 while 翻译成「但是」 只能放到两句话中间,当 while 翻译成「当…的时候」后面要跟进行时态)
as 引导的让步状语从句,从句的表语可以放在句首构成部分倒装。
- 虽然我很丑但是我很温柔。
- As I seem ugly,l keep gentle. = Although/Though i seem ugly,I keep gentle.
- Ugly as I seem ,l keep gentle.
- 虽然这个图表看起来很简单,但是它背后的观点是很深刻的。
- Simple as the chart looks, the outlook behind proves far-reaching —— national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.
⑦ 方式状语从句:
⑴ 从句:as = the way = as if/though「好像,似乎」
⑵ 介词短语(+n.): by、through、by means of、in … way、manner「以…的方式」
- 他看起来就像是冰做的一样。
- He looks as if he were made of ice.
⑧ 条件状语从句:suppose that 「如果」、supposing that「如果」、if、unless = if not「除非」、provided that「如果」、as long as「只要,如果」、so long as「只要,如果」
- 只要有一丝希望,我也不会放弃。
- If there seems a ghost of holp I will never give up.
⑨ 比较状语从句:as … as … (原级比较) 、than
- 你看起来和我一样漂亮。
- You are as beautiful as I(am beautiful ).
6. 状语从句的考点分析
1)写作
作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语成分把句子拉长。
- 你可以像猪一样生活,但是你永远不会像猪一样快乐。
- One can live as if he were a pig conversely,he can never be as delighted as a pig.
2)长难句分析
能够快速的识别一句话当中的状语成分,并且能够把它们通顺的翻译出来。如何识别状语呢?
一句话当中,除了句子的主干和定语以外,其他部分都可以认为是状语。
具体识别状语:只要在句子中见到以下的一坨东西就一定是状语:
- 副词
- 比较状语
- 条件状语
- 原因状语
- 结果状语
- 让步状语
- 目的状语
- 方式状语
- 伴随状语:with
「名词 + 时间/地点」需要区别是定语还是状语:如果无法确定是定语还是状语的时候,以定语优先原则,只有翻译成定语时读起来巨恶心无比的时候才翻译成状语。
- I love a boy in ZheJiang University.
7. 补充状语从句的特殊用法
1)as 意思总结
- as + n. :as 的意思翻译成「作为」。
- v. + n. + as :此时 as 的意思取决于前面动词的意思。
- as + 句子 :可能是引导状语从句,as 的意思可以翻译成「当…的时候,因为,虽然/尽管,好像/似乎,(比较级) 和…一样」,具体翻译成什么意思取决于前后两句话的意思。as 还可能是引导定语从句。
2)than 意思总结
not so much as = not even 「甚至不/没有」
- He can not so much as spell a word.
- He did not so much as ask me to sit down.
not so much A as B 「与其说A倒不如说B」
- 与其说他是一个老师倒不如说他是一个诗人。
- He is not so much a teacher as a poet.
more A than B 「与其说B不如说A」
- 与其说他是一个老师倒不如说他是一个诗人。
- He is more a poet than a teacher.
more than + n. 「不仅仅是」
more than + adj./adv. 「非常的」
more than + 数词 「多余」
六、英语的特殊结构
1. 强调句型
『It is/was … that …』
时态是过去式用 was ,其他时态都是 is;强调句型可以强调句子中所有成分,唯一不能强调谓语动词。
- 我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
- I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
- It was l that met my old flame in the street yesterday.
- It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.
- It was my old flame that I met in the street yesterday.
写作:写作中所有句子都可以写成强调句型。
- 你至今仍然没有意识到就是因为你交友不慎,你才没有考上心目中理想的大学。
- Sofar,you have never realized that it was because you had unfavorable friends that you failed to go to your dream university.
长难句分析:It is/was … that … 「就是…」
2. 倒装句型
1)什么是倒装句型:倒装就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式,也就是给一句话加个助动词或者把 be 动词放在句首。翻译的时候变成非倒装句型再翻译。
- 你爱我吗?
- Do you love me?
- 你去过欧洲吗?
- Have you ever been to Europe?
- 你爸爸是老师吗?
- Is your father a teacher?
2)倒装的具体用法:
否定词放在句首用倒装
- 我几乎不会说日语。
- Hardly can I speak Japanese.
so,nor/neither 位于句首,表明承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装。
- I can cook.
- So can I.
- I can not cook.
- Nor can I.
so…that 句型把 so 引导的部分放在句首时用倒装。
- She looks so gorgeous that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
- So gorgeous does she look that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
only 引出的状语位于句首时用倒装。
- His girlfriend called his name only once.
- Only once did his girlfriend call his name.
as 引导让步状语从句,从句的表语放在句首用倒装。
省略 if 的虚拟语气用倒装。
- If you had obeyed my instruction = had you obeyed my instruction
- If I remembered you in my next life = did I remember you in my next life
3. 虚拟语气
什么是虚拟语气:虚拟语气表示与事实相反或者是语气委婉。翻译的时候虚拟和非虚拟都是直接翻译。
1)虚拟语气的一般用法:
if 引导的条件状语从句
- 如果你是我眼中的一滴泪,我就永远不会哭泣。
- If you are a tear in my eyes,I will never shed it.
- 如果我是一条狗,我就可以和你们睡在一起了。
- If I was a dog,I could sleep with you in bed.
如何把条件状语从句变成虚拟语气呢?只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变成它的过去式就可以了。并且在虚拟语气中,be 动词的过去式只有 were 没有 was,还并且 could = would = might。
- 如果你是我眼中的一滴泪,我就永远不会哭泣。
- If you were a tear in my eyes,I would never shed it.
- 如果我是一条狗,我就可以和你们睡一起了。
- If I had been a dog,I could have slept with you in bed.
- 如果下辈子我还记得你,我们死都要在一起。
- If I remembered you in my next life,we would never seperate with each other.
- 如果当初你听我的话,你就能够顺利的通过这次考试了。
- If you had obeyed my instruction at the outset,you could have passed the examination.
2)虚拟语气的特殊用法:
以下情况 从句用「should+v.」表示虚拟,并且 should 可以省略。
- 以防:incase、lest、for fear that
- 命:order、direct、command
- 建议:advise、suggest、propose
- 要求:ask、request、demand、require
- 用虚拟
- 是必要的:it is necessary/important that
- 以防你会传染到严重的传染病,你最好呆在家里。
- In case that you should develop fatal infections,you had better stay at home.
以下情况从句用过去式表示虚拟:「would rather」和「it is high time that…」
- 是时候培养孩子独立性的时候了。
- it is high time that the independance of kids were cultivated by senior citizens.
以下情况要区别对待:就是把它本来的时态变成过去式就可以了。wish 「希望」、if only 「如果…该多好」、but for「要不是」、or/otherwise「否则」、as if/as though「好像/似乎」
- 如果我是你的孩子就好了。
- If only I were your child.
4. 情态动词
情态动词是表明说话人主观态度的词汇,情态动词后面加动词原形,情态动词相当于助动词。
1)情态动词表示对现在和将来的推测:情态动词+动词原形
2)情态动词表示对过去的推测:
- must have done:「一定做过某事」(must 否定形式:can not)(must not「禁止做某事」)
- need not have done:「本没必要做某事,但是做了」
- could have done:「本能够做某事,但却没有做,表示遗憾」
- should have done:「本应该做某事,但却没有做」
- 他大学的时候一定很自卑。
- He must have been self-biased in his university.
- 你本没必要以这种方式向我表白。
- You need not have shown your love in this way.
- 我本能够成为一名优秀的诗人。
- I could have become a prominent poet.
- 如果有缘分的话我早就结婚了。
- We should have got married if there exists a chance.
七、句子所有成分大总结
主语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
谓语:实义动词、系动词
宾语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
表语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语
同位语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
定语:名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语
状语:副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句
- My mother is an elegant lady.
- My mother is a lady of elegance.
- My mother is a lady as elegant as a lily.
- My mother is a lady looking as elegant as a lily.
- My mother is a lady who looks as elegant as a lily.
- That I met you is my honor = Meeting you is my honor.
英语长难句的模样
(状语/定语),主语 (定语/同位语/状语)谓语 宾语(定语/同位语/状语)
- English,a universal language throughout the world,is vital although it is hard to recite these words.
- I,a undergraduate in this university, will recommend you a tourist attraction which keeps popular with Chinese travelers.
总结
分析长难句的时候,先把「主谓宾定状同补 」找到,然后分部分翻译好,然后用中国人的说话习惯调整顺序把整句话翻译好。
第一步:找主句的谓语动词,从而找到主谓宾。
第二步:找连词,看看有没有省略。
第三步:找定语。
第四步:找状语。



